MySQL索引的类型及操作方法
• 普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引的创建/删除
• 自增主键索引的创建/删除
• 建立员工表yg、工资表gz,数据内容如表-1、表-2所示,设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
步骤一:索引的创建与删除
1)创建表的时候指定INDEX索引字段
创建库home:
mysql> create database home;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
允许有多个INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home库中创建了tea4表,将其中的id、name作为索引字段:
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea4(id char(6) NOT NULL,name varchar(6) NOT NULL,age int(3) NOT NULL,gender ENUM(\'boy\',\'girl\') DEFAULT \'boy\',INDEX(id),INDEX(name));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
查看新建tea4表的字段结构,可以发现两个非空索引字段的KEY标志为MUL:
mysql> DESC tea4;+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | || name | varchar(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES | | boy | |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2)删除现有表的某个INDEX索引字段
比如,删除tea4表中名称为named的INDEX索引字段:
mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4; //删除name字段的索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea4; //确认删除结果+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | || name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES | | boy | |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)在已有的某个表中设置INDEX索引字段
比如,针对tea4表的age字段建立索引,名称为 nianling:
mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age); //针对指定字段创建索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea4; //确认创建结果+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | || name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES | | boy | |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)查看指定表的索引信息
使用SHOW INDEX 指令:
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4\\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: tea4Non_unique: 1Key_name: idSeq_in_index: 1Column_name: idCollation: ACardinality: 0Sub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: BTREE //使用B树算法Comment:Index_comment:*************************** 2. row ***************************Table: tea4Non_unique: 1Key_name: nianling //索引名称Seq_in_index: 1Column_name: age //字段名称Collation: ACardinality: 0Sub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: BTREEComment:Index_comment:2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5)创建表的时候指定UNIQUE索引字段
UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一个表中可以有多个字段具有唯一性。
比如,创建tea5表,将id、name字段建立设置UNIQUE索引,age字段设置INDEX索引:
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5(id char(6), name varchar(4) NOT NULL,age int(3) NOT NULL,UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
查看新建tea5表的字段结构,可发现UNIQUE字段的KEY标志为UNI;另外,由于字段name必须满足“NOT NULL”的非空约束,所以将其设置为UNIQUE后会自动变成了PRIMARY KEY主键字段:
mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
6)删除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中设置UNIQUE索引字段
先删除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(与删除INDEX索引的方法相同):
mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5; //清除UNIQUE索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea5; //确认删除结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
重新为tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并确认结果:
mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name); //建立UNIQUE索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7)建表时设置PRIMARY KEY主键索引
主键索引在建表的时候可以直接指定。如果表内一开始没有主键字段,则新设置的非空UNIQUE字段相当于具有PRIMARY KEY主键约束。
每个表中的主键字段只能有一个。
建表的时候,可以直接在某个字段的“约束条件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某个字段名)。比如:
mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01(id int(4) PRIMARY KEY,name varchar(8));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) //直接在字段定义时约束或者:mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02(id int(4),name varchar(8),PRIMARY KEY(id));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) //所有字段定义完,最后指定
在建表的时候,如果主键字段为int类型,还可以为其设置AUTO_INCREMENT自增属性,这样当添加新的表记录时,此字段的值会自动从1开始逐个增加,无需手动指定。比如,新建一个tea6表,将id列作为自增的主键字段:
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6(id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,name varchar(4) NOT NULL,age int(2) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(id));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
8)删除现有表的PRIMARY KEY主键索引
如果要移除某个表的PRIMARY KEY约束,需要通过ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作将清除biao01表的主键索引。
清除前(主键为id):
mysql> DESC biao01;+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
清除操作:
mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
清除后(无主键):
mysql> DESC biao01;+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | || name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
当尝试删除tea6表的主键时,会出现异常:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
这是因为tea6表的主键字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增属性,提示这种字段必须作为主键存在,因此若要清除此主键必须先清除自增属性——修改id列的字段定义:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
然后再清除主键属性就OK了:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY; //清除主键Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea6; //确认清除结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
9)为现有表添加PRIMARY KEY主键索引
重新为tea6表指定主键字段,仍然使用id列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id); //设置主键字段Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea6; //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤二:创建数据库并设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
1)创建yg表,用来记录员工工号、姓名
其中yg_id列作为主键,并设置自增属性
mysql> CREATE TABLE yg(yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,name char(16) NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY(yg_id));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
2)创建gz表,用来记录员工的工资信息
其中gz_id需要参考员工工号,即gz表的gz_id字段设为外键,将yg表的yg_id字段作为参考键:
mysql> CREATE TABLE gz(gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,name char(16) NOT NULL,gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,INDEX(name),FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id)ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
3)为yg表添加2条员工信息记录
因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT属性,会自动填充,所以只要为name列赋值就可以了。
插入表记录可使用INSERT指令:
mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES(\'Jerry\'),(\'Tom\');Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认yg表的数据记录:
mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;+-------+-------+| yg_id | name |+-------+-------+| 1 | Jerry || 2 | Tom |+-------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)为gz表添加2条工资信息记录
插入相应的工资记录(gz_id字段未指定默认值,也未设置自增属性,所以需要手动赋值):
mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz)VALUES(1,\'Jerry\',12000),(2,\'Tom\',8000);Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认gz表的数据记录:
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+-------+----------+| gz_id | name | gz |+-------+-------+----------+| 1 | Jerry | 12000.00 || 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |+-------+-------+----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5)验证表记录的UPDATE更新联动
mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name=\'Jerry\'; //将yg表中Jerry用户的yg_id修改为1234Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql> SELECT * FROM yg; //确认修改结果+-------+-------+| yg_id | name |+-------+-------+| 2 | Tom || 1234 | Jerry |+-------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
同时也会发现,gz表中Jerry用户的gz_id也跟着变了:
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+-------+----------+| gz_id | name | gz |+-------+-------+----------+| 1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 || 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |+-------+-------+----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6)验证表记录的DELETE删除联动
mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name=\'Jerry\'; //删除yg表中用户Jerry的记录Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> SELECT * FROM yg; //确认删除结果+-------+------+| yg_id | name |+-------+------+| 2 | Tom |+-------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看gz表中的变化(Jerry的记录也没了):
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+------+---------+| gz_id | name | gz |+-------+------+---------+| 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |+-------+------+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7)删除指定表的外键约束
先通过SHOW指令获取表格的外键约束名称:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: gzCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (`gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,`name` char(16) NOT NULL,`gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT \'0.00\',KEY `name` (`name`),KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`),CONSTRAINT `gz_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`gz_id`) REFERENCES `yg` (`yg_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin11 row in set (0.00 sec)
其中gz_ibfk_1即删除外键约束时要用到的名称。
mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1; //删除操作Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\\G //确认删除结果*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: gzCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (`gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,`name` char(16) NOT NULL,`gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT \'0.00\',KEY `name` (`name`),KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin11 row in set (0.00 sec)