1 修改表结构
1.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL库中表的字段修改,主要练习以下操作:
• 添加字段
• 修改字段名
• 修改字段类型
• 删除字段
1.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:添加字段
在studb中创建tea6表
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mysql> CREATE TABLE studb.tea6(id int(4) PRIMARY KEY,-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,-> age int(2) NOT NULL-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.34 sec)
为tea6表添加一个address字段
添加前:
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mysql> DESC tea6;+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
添加address字段:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD address varchar(48);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.84 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
添加后(默认作为最后一个字段):
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mysql> DESC tea6;+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | || address | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)在tea6表的age列之后添加一个gender字段
添加操作:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD gender enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') AFTER age;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认添加结果:
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mysql> DESC tea6;+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES | | NULL | || address | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | |+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤二:修改字段名和字段类型
将tea6表的gender字段改名为sex,并添加非空约束
修改操作:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 CHANGE gender-> sex enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') NOT NULL;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认修改结果:
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mysql> DESC tea6;+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | || sex | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | NO | | NULL | || address | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | |+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤三:删除字段
删除tea6表中名为sex的字段:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP sex; //删除操作Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.52 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea6; //确认删除结果+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | || address | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2 MySQL索引创建与删除
2.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL索引的类型及操作方法,主要练习以下任务:
• 普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引的创建/删除
• 自增主键索引的创建/删除
• 建立员工表yg、工资表gz,数据内容如表-1、表-2所示,设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
表-1 员工表yg的数据
表-2 工资表gz的数据
2.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:索引的创建与删除
创建表的时候指定INDEX索引字段
创建库home:
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mysql> create database home;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
允许有多个INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home库中创建了tea4表,将其中的id、name作为索引字段:
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mysql> USE home;Database changedmysql> CREATE TABLE tea4(-> id char(6) NOT NULL,-> name varchar(6) NOT NULL,-> age int(3) NOT NULL,-> gender ENUM(\'boy\',\'girl\') DEFAULT \'boy\',-> INDEX(id),INDEX(name)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
查看新建tea4表的字段结构,可以发现两个非空索引字段的KEY标志为MUL:
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mysql> DESC tea4;+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | || name | varchar(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES | | boy | |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2)删除现有表的某个INDEX索引字段
比如,删除tea4表中名称为named的INDEX索引字段:
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mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4; //删除name字段的索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea4; //确认删除结果+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | || name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES | | boy | |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)在已有的某个表中设置INDEX索引字段
比如,针对tea4表的age字段建立索引,名称为 nianling:
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mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age); //针对指定字段创建索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea4; //确认创建结果+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | || name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES | | boy | |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)查看指定表的索引信息
使用SHOW INDEX 指令:
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mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4\\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: tea4Non_unique: 1Key_name: idSeq_in_index: 1Column_name: idCollation: ACardinality: 0Sub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: BTREE //使用B树算法Comment:Index_comment:*************************** 2. row ***************************Table: tea4Non_unique: 1Key_name: nianling //索引名称Seq_in_index: 1Column_name: age //字段名称Collation: ACardinality: 0Sub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: BTREEComment:Index_comment:2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5)创建表的时候指定UNIQUE索引字段
UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一个表中可以有多个字段具有唯一性。
比如,创建tea5表,将id、name字段建立设置UNIQUE索引,age字段设置INDEX索引:
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mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5(-> id char(6),-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,-> age int(3) NOT NULL,-> UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
查看新建tea5表的字段结构,可发现UNIQUE字段的KEY标志为UNI;另外,由于字段name必须满足“NOT NULL”的非空约束,所以将其设置为UNIQUE后会自动变成了PRIMARY KEY主键字段:
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mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
6)删除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中设置UNIQUE索引字段
先删除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(与删除INDEX索引的方法相同):
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mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5; //清除UNIQUE索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea5; //确认删除结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
重新为tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并确认结果:
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mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name); //建立UNIQUE索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7)建表时设置PRIMARY KEY主键索引
主键索引实际上在前面已经接触过了,建表的时候可以直接指定。如果表内一开始没有主键字段,则新设置的非空UNIQUE字段相当于具有PRIMARY KEY主键约束。
每个表中的主键字段只能有一个。
建表的时候,可以直接在某个字段的“约束条件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某个字段名)。比如:
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mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01(-> id int(4) PRIMARY KEY, //直接在字段定义时约束-> name varchar(8)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
或者:
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mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02(-> id int(4),-> name varchar(8),-> PRIMARY KEY(id) //所有字段定义完,最后指定-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
在建表的时候,如果主键字段为int类型,还可以为其设置AUTO_INCREMENT自增属性,这样当添加新的表记录时,此字段的值会自动从1开始逐个增加,无需手动指定。比如,新建一个tea6表,将id列作为自增的主键字段:
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mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6(-> id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,-> age int(2) NOT NULL,-> PRIMARY KEY(id)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
8)删除现有表的PRIMARY KEY主键索引
如果要移除某个表的PRIMARY KEY约束,需要通过ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作将清除biao01表的主键索引。
清除前(主键为id):
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mysql> DESC biao01;+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
清除操作:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
清除后(无主键):
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mysql> DESC biao01;+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | || name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
当尝试删除tea6表的主键时,会出现异常:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
这是因为tea6表的主键字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增属性,提示这种字段必须作为主键存在,因此若要清除此主键必须先清除自增属性——修改id列的字段定义:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.75 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
然后再清除主键属性就OK了:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY; //清除主键Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> desc tea6; //确认清除结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
9)为现有表添加PRIMARY KEY主键索引
重新为tea6表指定主键字段,仍然使用id列:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id); //设置主键字段Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea6; //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | || name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | || age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤二:创建数据库并设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
根据实验任务要求,两个表格的字段结构如表-1、表-2所示。
1)创建yg表,用来记录员工工号、姓名
其中yg_id列作为主键,并设置自增属性
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mysql> CREATE TABLE yg(-> yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,-> name char(16) NOT NULL,-> PRIMARY KEY(yg_id)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
2)创建gz表,用来记录员工的工资信息
其中gz_id需要参考员工工号,即gz表的gz_id字段设为外键,将yg表的yg_id字段作为参考键:
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mysql> CREATE TABLE gz(-> gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,-> name char(16) NOT NULL,-> gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,-> INDEX(name),-> FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id)-> ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
3)为yg表添加2条员工信息记录
因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT属性,会自动填充,所以只要为name列赋值就可以了。
插入表记录可使用INSERT指令,这里先执行下列操作,具体在下一章学习:
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mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES(\'Jerry\'),(\'Tom\');Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.16 sec)Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认yg表的数据记录:
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mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;+-------+-------+| yg_id | name |+-------+-------+| 1 | Jerry || 2 | Tom |+-------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)为gz表添加2条工资信息记录
同上,数据参考图-2,插入相应的工资记录(gz_id字段未指定默认值,也未设置自增属性,所以需要手动赋值):
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mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz)-> VALUES(1,\'Jerry\',12000),(2,\'Tom\',8000)-> ;Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认gz表的数据记录:
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mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+-------+----------+| gz_id | name | gz |+-------+-------+----------+| 1 | Jerry | 12000.00 || 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |+-------+-------+----------+2 rows in set (0.05 sec)
5)验证表记录的UPDATE更新联动
将yg表中Jerry用户的yg_id修改为1234:
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mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name=\'Jerry\';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
确认修改结果:
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mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;+-------+-------+| yg_id | name |+-------+-------+| 2 | Tom || 1234 | Jerry |+-------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
同时也会发现,gz表中Jerry用户的gz_id也跟着变了:
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mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+-------+----------+| gz_id | name | gz |+-------+-------+----------+| 1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 || 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |+-------+-------+----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6)验证表记录的DELETE删除联动
删除yg表中用户Jerry的记录:
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mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name=\'Jerry\';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
确认删除结果:
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mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;+-------+------+| yg_id | name |+-------+------+| 2 | Tom |+-------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看gz表中的变化(Jerry的记录也没了):
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mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+------+---------+| gz_id | name | gz |+-------+------+---------+| 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |+-------+------+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7)删除指定表的外键约束
先通过SHOW指令获取表格的外键约束名称:
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mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: gzCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (`gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,`name` char(16) NOT NULL,`gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT \'0.00\',KEY `name` (`name`),KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`),CONSTRAINT `gz_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`gz_id`) REFERENCES `yg` (`yg_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)
其中gz_ibfk_1即删除外键约束时要用到的名称。
删除操作:
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mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认删除结果:
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mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: gzCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (`gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,`name` char(16) NOT NULL,`gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT \'0.00\',KEY `name` (`name`),KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)