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MySQL的基本操作(二)

1 修改表结构
1.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL库中表的字段修改,主要练习以下操作:
• 添加字段
• 修改字段名
• 修改字段类型
• 删除字段
1.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:添加字段
在studb中创建tea6表

  1. mysql> CREATE TABLE studb.tea6(id int(4) PRIMARY KEY,-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,-> age int(2) NOT NULL-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.34 sec)

为tea6表添加一个address字段
添加前:

  1. mysql> DESC tea6;+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | int(4)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name  | varchar(4) | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age   | int(2)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

添加address字段:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD address varchar(48);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.84 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

添加后(默认作为最后一个字段):

  1. mysql> DESC tea6;+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(4)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(4)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age     | int(2)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       || address | varchar(48) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3)在tea6表的age列之后添加一个gender字段
添加操作:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD gender enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') AFTER age;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

确认添加结果:

  1. mysql> DESC tea6;+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(4)             | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(4)         | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age     | int(2)             | NO   |     | NULL    |       || gender  | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES  |     | NULL    |       || address | varchar(48)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

步骤二:修改字段名和字段类型
将tea6表的gender字段改名为sex,并添加非空约束
修改操作:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 CHANGE gender-> sex enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') NOT NULL;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

确认修改结果:

  1. mysql> DESC tea6;+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(4)             | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(4)         | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age     | int(2)             | NO   |     | NULL    |       || sex     | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | NO   |     | NULL    |       || address | varchar(48)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

步骤三:删除字段
删除tea6表中名为sex的字段:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP sex;                             //删除操作Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.52 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea6;                                          //确认删除结果+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(4)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(4)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age     | int(2)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       || address | varchar(48) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2 MySQL索引创建与删除
2.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL索引的类型及操作方法,主要练习以下任务:
• 普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引的创建/删除
• 自增主键索引的创建/删除
• 建立员工表yg、工资表gz,数据内容如表-1、表-2所示,设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
表-1 员工表yg的数据

表-2 工资表gz的数据

2.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:索引的创建与删除
创建表的时候指定INDEX索引字段
创建库home:

  1. mysql> create database home;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

允许有多个INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home库中创建了tea4表,将其中的id、name作为索引字段:

  1. mysql> USE home;Database changedmysql> CREATE TABLE tea4(-> id char(6) NOT NULL,-> name varchar(6) NOT NULL,-> age int(3) NOT NULL,-> gender ENUM(\'boy\',\'girl\') DEFAULT \'boy\',-> INDEX(id),INDEX(name)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)

查看新建tea4表的字段结构,可以发现两个非空索引字段的KEY标志为MUL:

  1. mysql> DESC tea4;+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field  | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id     | char(6)            | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       || name   | varchar(6)         | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       || age    | int(3)             | NO   |     | NULL    |       || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES  |     | boy     |       |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2)删除现有表的某个INDEX索引字段
比如,删除tea4表中名称为named的INDEX索引字段:

  1. mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4;                  //删除name字段的索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea4;                                      //确认删除结果+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field  | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id     | char(6)            | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       || name   | varchar(6)         | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age    | int(3)             | NO   |     | NULL    |       || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES  |     | boy     |       |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3)在已有的某个表中设置INDEX索引字段
比如,针对tea4表的age字段建立索引,名称为 nianling:

  1. mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age);      //针对指定字段创建索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea4;                                  //确认创建结果+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field  | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id     | char(6)            | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       || name   | varchar(6)         | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age    | int(3)             | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       || gender | enum(\'boy\',\'girl\') | YES  |     | boy     |       |+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4)查看指定表的索引信息
使用SHOW INDEX 指令:

  1. mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4\\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: tea4Non_unique: 1Key_name: idSeq_in_index: 1Column_name: idCollation: ACardinality: 0Sub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: BTREE                          //使用B树算法Comment:Index_comment:*************************** 2. row ***************************Table: tea4Non_unique: 1Key_name: nianling                       //索引名称Seq_in_index: 1Column_name: age                            //字段名称Collation: ACardinality: 0Sub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: BTREEComment:Index_comment:2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5)创建表的时候指定UNIQUE索引字段
UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一个表中可以有多个字段具有唯一性。
比如,创建tea5表,将id、name字段建立设置UNIQUE索引,age字段设置INDEX索引:

  1. mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5(-> id char(6),-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,-> age int(3) NOT NULL,-> UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)

查看新建tea5表的字段结构,可发现UNIQUE字段的KEY标志为UNI;另外,由于字段name必须满足“NOT NULL”的非空约束,所以将其设置为UNIQUE后会自动变成了PRIMARY KEY主键字段:

  1. mysql> DESC tea5;                                      //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | char(6)    | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       || name  | varchar(4) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || age   | int(3)     | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.03 sec)

6)删除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中设置UNIQUE索引字段
先删除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(与删除INDEX索引的方法相同):

  1. mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5;                     //清除UNIQUE索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea5;                                      //确认删除结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | char(6)    | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       || name  | varchar(4) | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age   | int(3)     | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

重新为tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并确认结果:

  1. mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name);      //建立UNIQUE索引Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea5;                                      //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | char(6)    | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       || name  | varchar(4) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || age   | int(3)     | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7)建表时设置PRIMARY KEY主键索引
主键索引实际上在前面已经接触过了,建表的时候可以直接指定。如果表内一开始没有主键字段,则新设置的非空UNIQUE字段相当于具有PRIMARY KEY主键约束。
每个表中的主键字段只能有一个。
建表的时候,可以直接在某个字段的“约束条件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某个字段名)。比如:

  1. mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01(-> id int(4) PRIMARY KEY,                      //直接在字段定义时约束-> name varchar(8)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)

或者:

  1. mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02(-> id int(4),-> name varchar(8),-> PRIMARY KEY(id)                              //所有字段定义完,最后指定-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)

在建表的时候,如果主键字段为int类型,还可以为其设置AUTO_INCREMENT自增属性,这样当添加新的表记录时,此字段的值会自动从1开始逐个增加,无需手动指定。比如,新建一个tea6表,将id列作为自增的主键字段:

  1. mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6(-> id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,-> age int(2) NOT NULL,-> PRIMARY KEY(id)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)

8)删除现有表的PRIMARY KEY主键索引
如果要移除某个表的PRIMARY KEY约束,需要通过ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作将清除biao01表的主键索引。
清除前(主键为id):

  1. mysql> DESC biao01;+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | int(4)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name  | varchar(8) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

清除操作:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

清除后(无主键):

  1. mysql> DESC biao01;+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | int(4)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       || name  | varchar(8) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

当尝试删除tea6表的主键时,会出现异常:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key

这是因为tea6表的主键字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增属性,提示这种字段必须作为主键存在,因此若要清除此主键必须先清除自增属性——修改id列的字段定义:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.75 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

然后再清除主键属性就OK了:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;                  //清除主键Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> desc tea6;                                         //确认清除结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | int(4)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       || name  | varchar(4) | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age   | int(2)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

9)为现有表添加PRIMARY KEY主键索引
重新为tea6表指定主键字段,仍然使用id列:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id);              //设置主键字段Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> DESC tea6;                                          //确认设置结果+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+		| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | int(4)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name  | varchar(4) | NO   |     | NULL    |       || age   | int(2)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

步骤二:创建数据库并设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
根据实验任务要求,两个表格的字段结构如表-1、表-2所示。
1)创建yg表,用来记录员工工号、姓名
其中yg_id列作为主键,并设置自增属性

  1. mysql> CREATE TABLE yg(-> yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,-> name char(16) NOT NULL,-> PRIMARY KEY(yg_id)-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)

2)创建gz表,用来记录员工的工资信息
其中gz_id需要参考员工工号,即gz表的gz_id字段设为外键,将yg表的yg_id字段作为参考键:

  1. mysql> CREATE TABLE gz(-> gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,-> name char(16) NOT NULL,-> gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,-> INDEX(name),-> FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id)-> ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)

3)为yg表添加2条员工信息记录
因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT属性,会自动填充,所以只要为name列赋值就可以了。
插入表记录可使用INSERT指令,这里先执行下列操作,具体在下一章学习:

  1. mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES(\'Jerry\'),(\'Tom\');Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.16 sec)Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

确认yg表的数据记录:

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;+-------+-------+| yg_id | name  |+-------+-------+|     1 | Jerry ||     2 | Tom   |+-------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4)为gz表添加2条工资信息记录
同上,数据参考图-2,插入相应的工资记录(gz_id字段未指定默认值,也未设置自增属性,所以需要手动赋值):

  1. mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz)-> VALUES(1,\'Jerry\',12000),(2,\'Tom\',8000)-> ;Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

确认gz表的数据记录:

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+-------+----------+| gz_id | name  | gz       |+-------+-------+----------+|     1 | Jerry | 12000.00 ||     2 | Tom   |  8000.00 |+-------+-------+----------+2 rows in set (0.05 sec)

5)验证表记录的UPDATE更新联动
将yg表中Jerry用户的yg_id修改为1234:

  1. mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name=\'Jerry\';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

确认修改结果:

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;+-------+-------+| yg_id | name  |+-------+-------+|     2 | Tom   ||  1234 | Jerry |+-------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

同时也会发现,gz表中Jerry用户的gz_id也跟着变了:

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+-------+----------+| gz_id | name  | gz       |+-------+-------+----------+|  1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 ||     2 | Tom   |  8000.00 |+-------+-------+----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6)验证表记录的DELETE删除联动
删除yg表中用户Jerry的记录:

  1. mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name=\'Jerry\';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

确认删除结果:

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;+-------+------+| yg_id | name |+-------+------+|     2 | Tom  |+-------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

查看gz表中的变化(Jerry的记录也没了):

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;+-------+------+---------+| gz_id | name | gz      |+-------+------+---------+|     2 | Tom  | 8000.00 |+-------+------+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

7)删除指定表的外键约束
先通过SHOW指令获取表格的外键约束名称:

  1. mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: gzCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (`gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,`name` char(16) NOT NULL,`gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT \'0.00\',KEY `name` (`name`),KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`),CONSTRAINT `gz_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`gz_id`) REFERENCES `yg` (`yg_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)

其中gz_ibfk_1即删除外键约束时要用到的名称。
删除操作:

  1. mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

确认删除结果:

  1. mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: gzCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (`gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,`name` char(16) NOT NULL,`gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT \'0.00\',KEY `name` (`name`),KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)
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