空对象设计模式是一种行为型设计模式,主要用于应对空对象的检查。使用这种设计模式可以避免对空对象进行检查。也就是说,在这种模式下,使用空对象不会造成异常。
空对象模式的组件包括:
- Entity:接口,定义了子struct需要实现的方法
- ConcreteEntity:实现了Entity 的具体struct
- NullEntity:这个就表示了空对象,虽然也实现了Entity接口,但它的值都是空的
- Client:这个类会获取Entity接口实现类的实例并使用它。这里并不关注实现类是
ConcreteEntity
还是
NullEntity
,对二者会进行相同的处理。
用个例子来说一下:假设有一所大学,大学有多个系,每个系都有一定数量的教授。
系(department)可以用一个接口来表示:
type department interface {getNumberOfProfessors() intgetName() string}
大学(college)也是一个接口:
type college struct {departments []department}
现在假设有一个机构想统计下大学每个系的教授数量。
在这个例子里,假设大学里没有某个系,我们就会用到空对象模式。这里定义了一个
nullDepartment
来表示不存在的系。
nullDepartment.go:
type nullDepartment struct {numberOfProfessors int}func (c *nullDepartment) getNumberOfProfessors() int {return 0}func (c *nullDepartment) getName() string {return \"nullDepartment\"}
统计的代码在agency.go里:
func main() {college1 := createCollege1()college2 := createCollege2()totalProfessors := 0departmentArray := []string{\"computerScience\", \"mechanical\", \"civil\", \"electronics\"}for _, departmentName := range departmentArray {d := college1.getDepartment(departmentName)totalProfessors56c+= d.getNumberOfProfessors()}fmt.Printf(\"Total number of professors in college1 is %d\\n\", totalProfessors)//Reset the professor counttotalProfessors = 0for _, departmentName := range departmentArray {d := college2.getDepartment(departmentName)totalProfessors += d.getNumberOfProfessors()}fmt.Printf(\"Total number of professors in college2 is %d\\n\", totalProfessors)}func createCollege1() *college {college := &college{}college.addDepartment(\"computerScience\", 4)college.addDepartment(\"mechanical\", 5)return college}func createCollege2() *college {college := &college{}college.addDepartment(\"computerScience\", 2)return college}
注意这段代码:
- agency.go 并不关心某个系在大学里是否存在。当这个系不存在时,大学只需要返回一个
nullDepartment
对象即可
- agency.go 对
nullDepartment
对象和其他
department
实现类的对象做了相同处理,这之中不需要对空值进行检查,直接调用
getNumberOfProfessors()
就可以了
以上就是使用空对象模式的好处了。
下面是其他的代码。
college.go:
type college struct {departments []department}func (c *college) addDepartment(departmentName string, numOfProfessors int) {if departmentName == \"computerScience\" {computerScienceDepartment := &computerScience{numberOfProfessors: numOfProfessors}c.departments = append(c.departments, computerScienceDepartment)}if departmentName == \"mechanical\" {mechanicalDepartment := &mechanical{numberOfProfessors: numOfProfessors}c.departments = append(c.departments, mechanicalDepartment)}return}func (c *college) getDepartment(departmentName string) department {for _, department := range c.departments {if department.getName() == departmentName {return department}}//Return a null department if the department doesn\'t exitsreturn &nullDepartment{}}
计算机系,computerscience.go:
type computerScience struct {numberOfProfessors int}func (c *computerScience) getNumberOfProfessors() int {return c.numberOfProfessors}func (c *computerScience) getName() string {return \"computerScience\"}
数学系,mechanical.go:
type mechanical struct {numberOfProfessors int}func (c *mechanical) getNumberOfProfessors() int {return c.numberOfProfessors}func (c *mechanical) getName() string {return \"mechanical\"}
执行agency.go,输出内容如下:
Total number of professors in college1 is 9Total number of professors in college2 is 2
代码已上传至GitHub:zhyea / go-patterns / null-object-pattern
End!!