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C# RabbitMQ的使用

本文目的如题。

安装

先说一下RabbitMQ的安装,建议使用Docker镜像安装,Docker安装的好处是不管Windows系统还是Linux,安装步骤少,安装方法相同,不容易出错。使用下面的命令就可以:

docker run -d --hostname myRabbit --name rabbitmq3.9.11 -e RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_USER=admin -e RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_PASS=admin RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_VHOST=my_vhost -p 15672:15672 -p 5672:5672 rabbitmq3.9.11:management

安装完成后,可以打开浏览器访问管理网站http://127.0.0.1:15672,使用安装时设置的用户名和密码登录,就可以进行管理了。

不管使用什么方法安装,都可以运行本文中的示例。这些示例中使用了用户admin,密码是admin,如果没有,可以在管理网站中创建:

本文的示例中还使用了my_vhost虚拟主机,如果没有,也需要定义一下:

注意,admin 需要有对my_vhost的操作权限。

编写消息接收端

安装完成后可以进行开发了。我们需要编写消息的生产者和消费者,如果哪一部分出了问题,或者RabbitMQ服务器出了问题,都会影响工作的进展。因此我们分步进行,先编写消息接受部分,也就是所谓的消费者,与RabbitMQ服务器联调,成功后再进行下一步。

先创建一个.Net 6的控制台项目,可以使用Visual Studio创建。如果使用命令行,命令如下:

mkdir DirectReceiveDemocd DirectReceiveDemodotnet new console

然后安装rabbitmq.client程序包:

dotnet add package rabbitmq.client

编写Program.cs代码如下:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;using RabbitMQ.Client.Events;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.QueueDeclare(queue: \"mymessage\",durable: false,exclusive: false,autoDelete: false,arguments: null);var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>{var body = ea.Body;var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray());Console.WriteLine(\"收到消息 {0}\", message);};channel.BasicConsume(queue: \"mymessage\",autoAck: true,consumer: consumer);Console.WriteLine(\" 按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();}

执行dotnet run 运行代码,程序会一直等待输入,这时需要输入一些消息验证程序。现在登录管理网站http://127.0.0.1:15672/,使用安装时设置的用户名和密码,在Connections分页中可以看到多了新的连接:


在Channel分页中可以看到当前的Chanel:

进入Queues分页,点击列表中的mymessage

进入mymessage队列:

在Publish message中写一些消息并发送。回到控制台接收程序,消息应该已经被接收了。

到这里,接收部分完成,退出这个程序,我们开始编写发送部分。

编写发送端

创建过程跟接收部分完全一样,只是项目名称为DirectSendDemo,Program.cs代码如下:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.QueueDeclare(queue: \"mymessage\",durable: false,exclusive: false,autoDelete: false,arguments: null);Console.WriteLine(\"输入需要传输的消息,输入Exit退出\");var message = Console.ReadLine();while (message != \"Exit\"){var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);channel.BasicPublish(exchange: \"\",routingKey: \"mymessage\",basicProperties: null,body: body);Console.WriteLine(\" 发送消息 {0}\", message);message = Console.ReadLine();}}Console.WriteLine(\"按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();

运行这个项目,输入一些消息,

还是回到管理页面,在mymessage队列页面,执行GetMessage,可以获取发送的消息。

测试发送端和接收端


现在我们可以让发送和接收一起工作了,在两个终端分别启动发送和接收程序,看是否可以一起工作。

发送和接收可以一起工作了。

现在可以用这两个程序做一些测试,首先看一下一个发送端,两个接收端是什么情况:

我们发现,接收端会轮流接收消息。
两个发送端对一个接收端的情况如下:

跟想象的一样,接收端会处理所有消息。

Fanout 模式

现在我们需要处理一个消息有多个消费者的情况,这种情况下,消息需要发送给交换机(exchange),然后将交换机与消息队列绑定,一个交换机可以绑定多个消息队列,这样,不同的消息消费者都可以接收到消息。 我们创建一个新的发送方FanoutSender,将消息发送给exchange:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.ExchangeDeclare(\"example.exchange\", ExchangeType.Fanout, true, false, null);Console.WriteLine(\"输入需要传输的消息,输入Exit退出\");var message = Console.ReadLine();while (message != \"Exit\"){var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);channel.BasicPublish(exchange: \"example.exchange\",routingKey: \"\",basicProperties: null,body: body);Console.WriteLine(\" 发送消息 {0}\", message);message = Console.ReadLine();}}Console.WriteLine(\"按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();

然后创建两个接收方,FanoutReceiver1和FanoutReceiver2,分别接收que1和que2队列的消息,这两个队列都绑定到相同的交换机,代码如下:
FanoutReceiver1:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;using RabbitMQ.Client.Events;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: \"example.exchange\",type: \"fanout\", durable: true);channel.QueueDeclare(queue: \"que1\",durable: true,exclusive: false,autoDelete: false,arguments: null);channel.QueueBind(queue: \"que1\", exchange: \"example.exchange\",routingKey: \"\");var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>{var body = ea.Body;var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray());Console.WriteLine(\"收到消息 {0}\", message);};channel.BasicConsume(queue: \"que1\",autoAck: true,consumer: consumer);Console.WriteLine(\" 按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();}

FanoutReceiver2:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;using RabbitMQ.Client.Events;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: \"example.exchange\",type: \"fanout\", durable: true);channel.QueueDeclare(queue: \"que2\",durable: true,exclusive: false,autoDelete: false,arguments: null);channel.QueueBind(queue: \"que2\", exchange: \"example.exchange\",routingKey: \"\");var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>{var body = ea.Body;var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray());Console.WriteLine(\"收到消息 {0}\", message);};channel.BasicConsume(queue: \"que2\",autoAck: true,consumer: consumer);Console.WriteLine(\" 按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();}

同时启动这三个程序,运行结果如下:

发送的消息被同时接收。

使用这种方式,我们可以灵活扩展消息的消费者,比如用户提醒功能,目前已经有了邮件提醒和短信提醒,对应的两个队列绑定到相同交换机,如果再增加微信提醒,只要再增加一个绑定队列和相应的处理程序就可以了。

Direct模式和RouteKey


在Fanout模式下,我们将消息发送到订阅消息的所有队列中,如果我们希望选择性地向队列发送消息,可以使用Direct模式,根据不同的RouteKey向不同的队列发送消息。

我们建立三个控制台程序程序模拟一个发送方和两个接收方,项目的创建方法同上,代码如下:
发送:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.ExchangeDeclare(\"directdemo.exchange\", ExchangeType.Direct, true, false, null);Console.WriteLine(\"输入需要传输的消息,输入Exit退出\");var message = Console.ReadLine();while (message != \"Exit\"){Console.WriteLine(\"输入RouteKey\");var routekey = Console.ReadLine();var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);channel.BasicPublish(exchange: \"directdemo.exchange\",routingKey: routekey,basicProperties: null,body: body);Console.WriteLine(\" 发送消息 {0} Routekey {1}\", message,routekey);message = Console.ReadLine();}}Console.WriteLine(\"按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();

接收1:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;using RabbitMQ.Client.Events;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: \"directdemo.exchange\",type: ExchangeType.Direct, durable: true);channel.QueueDeclare(queue: \"log_que\",durable: true,exclusive: false,autoDelete: false,arguments: null);channel.QueueBind(queue: \"log_que\", exchange: \"directdemo.exchange\",routingKey: \"log\");var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>{var body = ea.Body;var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray());Console.WriteLine(\"收到消息 {0}\", message);};channel.BasicConsume(queue: \"log_que\",autoAck: true,consumer: consumer);Console.WriteLine(\" 按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();}

接收2:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;using RabbitMQ.Client.Events;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: \"directdemo.exchange\",type: ExchangeType.Direct, durable: true);channel.QueueDeclare(queue: \"email_que\",durable: true,exclusive: false,autoDelete: false,arguments: null);channel.QueueBind(queue: \"email_que\", exchange: \"directdemo.exchange\",routingKey: \"email\");var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>{var body = ea.Body;var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray());Console.WriteLine(\"收到消息 {0}\", message);};channel.BasicConsume(queue: \"email_que\",autoAck: true,consumer: consumer);Console.WriteLine(\" 按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();}

上面的代码中,关键是队列绑定:

channel.QueueBind(queue: \"email_que\", exchange: \"directdemo.exchange\",routingKey: \"email\");

这句话将queue、exchange和routingKey绑定在一起。运行效果如下:

Topic 模式

前面的Direct模式中,RouteKey是固定的,Topic模式引入了通配符,RouteKey可以是符合表达式的任何字符串。

  • 通配符“*”,代表一个字符
  • 通配符“#”,代表0或多个字符

仔细研究上面的规则,会发现Topic模式可以代替Direct和Fanout,如果RouteKey被设置为“#”,就是队列可以接收任何消息,这与Fanout模式相同,如果RouteKey中没有通配符,则和使用Direct模式的效果相同。

现在我们编写Topic模式的发送和接收,代码如下:
Topic模式发送:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.ExchangeDeclare(\"topicdemo.exchange\", ExchangeType.Topic, true, false, null);Console.WriteLine(\"输入需要传输的消息,输入Exit退出\");var message = Console.ReadLine();while (message != \"Exit\"){Console.WriteLine(\"输入RouteKey\");var routekey = Console.ReadLine();var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);channel.BasicPublish(exchange: \"topicdemo.exchange\",routingKey: routekey,basicProperties: null,body: body);Console.WriteLine(\" 发送消息 {0} Routekey {1}\", message, routekey);message = Console.ReadLine();}}Console.WriteLine(\"按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();

Topic模式接收:

using RabbitMQ.Client;using System.Text;using RabbitMQ.Client.Events;var factory = new ConnectionFactory(){HostName = \"127.0.0.1\",UserName = \"admin\",Password = \"admin\",VirtualHost = \"my_vhost\"};using (var connection = factory.CreateConnection())using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()){channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: \"topicdemo.exchange\",type: ExchangeType.Topic, durable: true);channel.QueueDeclare(queue: \"topic_que\",durable: true,exclusive: false,autoDelete: false,arguments: null);channel.QueueBind(queue: \"topic_que\", exchange: \"topicdemo.exchange\",routingKey: \"#.log\");var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>{var body = ea.Body;var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray());Console.WriteLine(\"收到消息 {0}\", message);};channel.BasicConsume(queue: \"topic_que\",autoAck: true,consumer: consumer);Console.WriteLine(\" 按回车退出\");Console.ReadLine();}

我们设置的RouteKey是\”#.log\”,也就是匹配这个表达式的RouteKey的消息会被接收到:

到这里RabbitMQ常用的几种模式都介绍了,最后说一点代码中的细节,在发送方和接收方代码中,有重复的queue或者exchange声明,比如:

channel.QueueDeclare(queue: \"mymessage\",durable: false,exclusive: false,autoDelete: false,arguments: null);

这些代码让人感到有些困惑,似乎每次都需要声明,而实际上是只要存在相关的queue或者exchange,这些代码就不再起作用。之所以在发送方和接收方都包含这些代码,是因为不知道是否存在相关的queue或exchange,也不知道谁先启动,避免出错。如果在RabbitMQ的Web管理页面预先手工创建了相应的queue或者exchange,这些代码是可以去掉的。

本文代码可以从github下载:https://github.com/zhenl/ZL.RabbitMQ.Demo

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