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MySQL的基本操作(四)

1 MySQL管理工具
1.1 问题
• 部署LAMP+phpMyAdmin平台
1.2 方案

  1. 安装httpd、mysql、php-mysql及相关包
  2. 启动httpd服务程序
  3. 解压phpMyAdmin包,部署到网站目录
  4. 配置config.inc.php,指定MySQL主机地址
  5. 创建授权用户
  6. 浏览器访问、登录使用
    今天课程需要使用1台RHEL7虚拟机,其中一台作为数据服务器(192.168.4.6)、另外一台作为测试用的Linux客户机(192.168.4.254)。照如下步骤进行。
    步骤一:准备软件的运行环境 lamp
  7. [root@zlz~]# rpm -q httpd  php  php-mysql    //检测是否安装软件包未安装软件包 httpd未安装软件包 php未安装软件包 php-mysql[root@zlz~]# yum  -y   install   httpd     php    php-mysql  //装包[root@zlz~]# systemctl  start  httpd       //启动服务[root@zlz~]# systemctl  enable httpd      //设置开机自启Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.

步骤二:测试运行环境

  1. [root@zlz~]# vim  /var/www/html/test.php     //编辑页面测试文件[root@zlz~]# cat /var/www/html/test.php      //查看页面测试文件<?php$x=mysql_connect(\"localhost\",\"root\",\"123456\");if($x){   echo \"ok\";    }else{    echo \"no\";    };?>[root@zlz~]# yum  -y   install  elinks     //安装测试网页工具[root@zlz~]#  elinks   --dump   http://localhost/test.phpOk                                                //验证测试页面成功

步骤三:安装软件包
1)物理机传输解压包给虚拟机192.168.4.6

  1. [root@zlz桌面]# scp phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-all-languages.tar.gz 192.168.4.6:/root/root@192.168.4.6\'s password:phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-a 100% 4218KB 122.5MB/s   00:00

2)虚拟机192.168.4.6解压phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-all-languages.tar.gz压缩包

  1. [root@zlz~]# tar -zxf phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-all-languages.tar.gz -C /var/www/html/   //-C 表示改变至目录[root@zlz~]# cd /var/www/html/[root@zlz~]# mv phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-all-languages  phpmyadmin //改变目录名[root@zlz~]#  chown  -R  apache:apache  phpmyadmin/ //改变phpmyadmin目录权限

步骤四:修改软件的配置文件定义管理的数据库服务器
切换到部署后的phpmyadmin程序目录,拷贝配置文件,并修改配置以正确指定MySQL服务器的地址

  1. [root@zlzhtml]# cd  phpmyadmin[root@zlz phpmyadmin]# cp   config.sample.inc.php   config.inc.php//备份主配置文件[root@zlz phpmyadmin]# vim   config.inc.php  //编辑主配置文件17 $cfg[\'blowfish_secret\'] = \'plj123\';     //给cookie做认证的值,可以随便填写31 $cfg[\'Servers\'][$i][\'host\'] = \'localhost\';  //指定主机名,定义连接哪台服务器:wq

步骤五:在客户端访问软件 管理数据库服务器
1)在客户端访问软件,打开浏览器输入http://192.168.4.6/phpmyadmin(数据库服务器地址) 访问软件,用户名是root,密码是123456

2)登入成功后,即可在授权范围内对MySQL数据库进行管理。

2 密码恢复及设置
2.1 问题
本案例要求密码恢复及设置,完成以下任务操作:
• 恢复MySQL管理列表
• 正常设置管理密码
2.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:重置MySQL管理密码
1)首先停止已运行的MySQL服务程序

  1. [root@zlz~]# systemctl  stop mysqld.service           //停止服务[root@zlz~]# systemctl  status mysqld.service          //确认状态mysqld.service - MySQL ServerLoaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled)Active: inactive (dead) since 五 2017-04-07 23:01:38 CST; 21s agoDocs: man:mysqld(8)http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.htmlProcess: 20260 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Process: 20238 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Main PID: 20262 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

2)然后跳过授权表启动MySQL服务程序
这一步主要利用mysqld的 –skip-grant-tables选项
修改my.cnf配置,添加 skip_grant_tables=1启动设置:

  1. [root@zlz~]# vim /etc/my.cnf[mysqld]skip_grant_tables=1.. ..[root@zlz~]# systemctl  restart mysqld.service[root@zlz~]# service mysql statusmysqld.service - MySQL ServerLoaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled)Active: active (running) since 五 2017-04-07 23:40:20 CST; 40s agoDocs: man:mysqld(8)http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.htmlProcess: 11698 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Process: 11676 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Main PID: 11701 (mysqld)CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service└─11701 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.p...

3)使用mysql命令连接到MySQL服务,重设root的密码
由于前一步启动的MySQL服务跳过了授权表,所以可以root从本机直接登录

  1. [root@zlz~]# mysql -u rootEnter password:                                 //直接回车即可Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.Your MySQL connection id is 4Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.mysql>

进入 mysql> 环境后,通过修改mysql库中user表的相关记录,重设root用户从本机登录的密码:

  1. mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD(\'1234567\')-> WHERE user=\'root\' AND host=\'localhost\';              //重设root的密码Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 1mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;                                  //刷新授权表Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> exit                                              //退出mysql> 环境Bye

通过执行“FLUSH PRIVILEGES;”可使授权表立即生效,对于正常运行的MySQL服务,也可以用上述方法来修改密码,不用重启服务。本例中因为是恢复密码,最好重启MySQL服务程序,所以上述“FLUSH PRIVILEGES;”操作可跳过。
4)重新以正常方式启动MySQL服务程序,验证新密码
如果前面是修改/etc/my.cnf配置的方法来跳过授权表,则重置root密码后,应去除相应的设置以恢复正常:

  1. [root@zlz~]# vim /etc/my.cnf[mysqld]#skip_grant_tables=1                              //注释掉或删除此行.. ..

按正常方式,通过mysql脚本重启服务即可:

  1. [root@zlz~]# systemctl  restart mysqld.service

验证无密码登录时,将会被拒绝:

  1. [root@zlz~]# mysql -u rootEnter password:                            //没有跳过授权表回车会报错ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user \'root\'@\'localhost\' (using password: NO)

只有提供重置后的新密码,才能成功登入:

  1. [root@zlz~]# mysql -u root –pEnter password:Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.Your MySQL connection id is 4Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.mysql>

步骤二:正常设置MySQL管理密码
正常的前提是:已知当前MySQL管理用户(root)的密码。
1)方法1,在Shell命令行下设置
使用mysqladmin管理工具,需要验证旧的密码。比如,以下操作将会把root的密码设置为 1234567:

  1. [root@zlz~]# mysqladmin -u root -p password \'1234567\'Enter password:                                   //验证原来的密码mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.Warning: Since password will be sent to server in plain text, use ssl connection to ensure password safety.                              //提示明文修改不安全,并不是报错

2)方法2,以root登入mysql> 后,使用SET PASSWORD指令设置
这个与新安装MySQL-server后首次修改密码时要求的方式相同,平时也可以用:

  1. mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR root@localhost=PASSWORD(\'1234567\');Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

3)方法3,以root登入mysql> 后,使用GRANT授权工具设置
这个是最常见的用户授权方式(下一节会做更多授权的练习):

  1. mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY \'1234567\';Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

4)方法4,以root登入mysql> 后,使用UPDATE更新相应的表记录
这种方法与恢复密码时的操作相同:

  1. mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD(\'1234567\')-> WHERE user=\'root\' AND host=\'localhost\';          //重设root的密码Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1  Changed: 0  Warnings: 1mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;                                  //刷新授权表Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

在上述方法中,需要特别注意:当MySQL服务程序以 skip-grant-tables 选项启动时,如果未执行“FLUSH PRIVILEGES;”操作,是无法通过SET PASSWORD或者GRANT方式来设置密码的。比如,验证这两种方式时,都会看到ERROR 1290的出错提示:

  1. mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR root@localhost=PASSWORD(\'1234567\');ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --skip-grant-tables option so it cannot execute this statementmysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY \'1234567\';ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --skip-grant-tables option so it cannot execute this statement

3 用户授权及撤销
3.1 问题
• 允许root从192.168.4.0/24网段 访问,对所有库/表有完全权限,密码为tarena
• 添加一个管理账号dba007,完全控制及授权
• 撤销root从本机访问的权限,然后恢复
• 允许webuser从任意客户机登录,只对webdb库有完全权限,密码为 888888
• 撤销webuser的完全权限,改为查询权限
3.2 方案
使用2台RHEL 7虚拟机。其中192.168.4.10是MySQL服务器,授权及撤销操作均在此服务器上执行;而192.168.4.120作为测试客户机,需要安装好MySQL-client软件包,以便提供mysql命令。

同时,MySQL服务器本身(192.168.4.10)也可以作为测试客户机。
3.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:用户授权及撤销
1)允许root从192.168.4.0/24访问,对所有库表有完全权限,密码为tarena。
授权之前,从192.168.4.0/24网段的客户机访问时,将会被拒绝:

  1. [root@zlz~]# mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.4.10Enter password:                                  //输入正确的密码ERROR 2003 (HY000): Host \'192.168.4.120\' is not allowed to connect to this MySQL server

授权操作,此处可设置与从localhost访问时不同的密码:

  1. mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@\'192.168.4.%\' IDENTIFIED BY \'tarena\';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

再次从192.168.4.0/24网段的客户机访问时,输入正确的密码后可登入:

  1. [root@zlz~]# mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.4.10Enter password:Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.Your MySQL connection id is 20Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.mysql>

从网络登入后,测试新建一个库、查看所有库:

  1. mysql> CREATE DATABASE rootdb;                  //创建新库rootdbQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)mysql> SHOW DATABASES;+--------------------+| Database           |+--------------------+| information_schema || home               || mysql              || performance_schema || rootdb             |                         //新建的rootdb库| sys                || userdb             |+--------------------+7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

2)在Mysql服务器上建立一个管理账号dba007,对所有库完全控制,并赋予其授权的权限
新建账号并授权:

  1. mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO dba007@localhost-> IDENTIFIED BY \'1234567\'-> WITH GRANT OPTION;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

查看dba007的权限:

  1. mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR dba007@localhost;+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+| Grants for dba007@localhost                                           |+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO \'dba007\'@\'localhost\' WITH GRANT OPTION |+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3)撤销root从本机访问的权限,然后恢复
注意:如果没有事先建立其他管理账号,请不要轻易撤销root用户的本地访问权限,否则恢复起来会比较困难,甚至不得不重装数据库。
撤销root对数据库的操作权限:

  1. mysql> REVOKE all ON *.* FROM root@localhost;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR root@localhost;+--------------------------------------------------------------+| Grants for root@localhost                                    |+--------------------------------------------------------------+| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO \'root\'@\'localhost\' WITH GRANT OPTION   || GRANT PROXY ON \'\'@\'\' TO \'root\'@\'localhost\' WITH GRANT OPTION |+--------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

验证撤销后的权限效果:

  1. mysql> exit                                      //退出当前MySQL连接Bye[root@zlz~]# mysql -u root -p                  //重新以root从本地登入Enter password:Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.Your MySQL connection id is 6Server version: 5.6.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.mysql> CREATE DATABASE newdb2014;                  //尝试新建库失败ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user \'root\'@\'localhost\' to database \'newdb2014\'mysql> DROP DATABASE rootdb;                          //尝试删除库失败ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user \'root\'@\'localhost\' to database \'rootdb\'

尝试以当前的root用户恢复权限,也会失败(无权更新授权表):

  1. mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY \'1234567\';ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user \'root\'@\'localhost\' (using password: YES)

怎么办呢?
退出当前MySQL连接,以上一步添加的管理账号dba007登入:

  1. mysql> exit                                          //退出当前MySQL连接Bye[root@zlz~]# mysql -u dba007 -p                   //以另一个管理账号登入Enter password:Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.Your MySQL connection id is 24Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.

由管理账号dba007重新为root添加本地访问权限:

  1. mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY \'1234567\';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR root@localhost;              //查看恢复结果+---------------------------------------------------------------------+| Grants for root@localhost                                           |+---------------------------------------------------------------------+| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO \'root\'@\'localhost\' WITH GRANT OPTION || GRANT PROXY ON \'\'@\'\' TO \'root\'@\'localhost\' WITH GRANT OPTION        |+---------------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

退出,再重新以root登入,测试一下看看,权限又恢复了吧:

  1. mysql> exit                                      //退出当前MySQL连接Bye[root@zlz~]# mysql -u root -p                 //重新以root登入Enter password:Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.Your MySQL connection id is 25Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.mysql> CREATE DATABASE newdb2014;                  //成功创建新库Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

4)允许webuser从任意客户机登录,只对webdb库有完全权限,密码为 888888
添加授权:

  1. mysql> GRANT all ON webdb.* TO webuser@\'%\' IDENTIFIED BY \'888888\';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

查看授权结果:

  1. mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR webuser@\'%\';+----------------------------------------------------+| Grants for webuser@%                               |+----------------------------------------------------+| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO \'webuser\'@\'%\'                || GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `webdb`.* TO \'webuser\'@\'%\' |+----------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5)撤销webuser的完全权限,改为查询权限
撤销所有权限:

  1. mysql> REVOKE all ON webdb.* FROM webuser@\'%\';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

只赋予查询权限:

  1. mysql> GRANT select ON webdb.* TO webuser@\'%\';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

确认授权更改结果:

  1. mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR webuser@\'%\';+--------------------------------------------+| Grants for webuser@%                       |+--------------------------------------------+| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO \'webuser\'@\'%\'        || GRANT SELECT ON `webdb`.* TO \'webuser\'@\'%\' |+--------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


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